Women in STEM Leadership Barriers and Breakthroughs in the Middle East and Southeast Asia

Abstract

Background: Although women have made strides in STEM education, leadership representation remains disproportionately low, particularly in patriarchal societies across the Middle East and Southeast Asia.
Objective: This study explores the socio-cultural, institutional, and policy-related barriers hindering women’s progression into STEM leadership roles in UAE and Malaysia, and identifies successful interventions.
Methodology: A comparative qualitative analysis was conducted using interviews with 40 female STEM professionals and policymakers across both regions. Policy documents and workplace diversity reports were analyzed using thematic coding to identify recurring structural challenges and success narratives.
Findings: Common barriers included gender stereotypes, lack of mentorship, and limited maternity support in career progression. Malaysia showed more progressive organizational policies, while UAE initiatives were more top-down and state-driven. Women in both contexts expressed a strong desire for peer networks and leadership training.
Conclusion: Women’s leadership in STEM can be accelerated through mentorship programs, family-friendly work policies, and national-level gender equity initiatives. Regional collaborations and cross-cultural learning can further amplify outcomes.