The International Insurance Law Review (IILR) is a prestigious academic journal dedicated to advancing the understanding of insurance law across jurisdictions. Renowned for its rigorous standards and commitment to quality, IILR serves as a global platform for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to explore and discuss critical issues in the field of insurance law. International Insurance Law Review ISSN: 0968-2090 Publisher: Lumar Publications Email: editor@lumarpub.com Indexed by: Australian Business Dean Council (ABDC) - A Rating
AI-Driven Decision Support Systems for Business Transformation
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven Decision Support Systems (DSS) have emerged as a transformative force in modern organizations, enabling data-driven decision-making, operational efficiency, and strategic business innovation. By integrating advanced technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, predictive analytics, and big data, AI-powered DSS provide organizations with the capability to analyze complex datasets, identify hidden patterns, forecast future trends, and generate actionable insights in real time. These intelligent systems support decision-makers across various functional areas, including finance, marketing, supply chain management, human resource management, healthcare, and manufacturing, thereby enhancing organizational agility and competitiveness. the role of AI-driven Decision Support Systems in facilitating business transformation by examining their technological foundations, practical applications, implementation strategies, and organizational benefits. It further discusses key challenges associated with AI adoption, including data quality, cybersecurity, ethical concerns, algorithmic bias, privacy protection, regulatory compliance, and workforce readiness emerging developments such as explainable AI, generative AI, cloud-based decision platforms, edge intelligence, and autonomous decision-making systems that are reshaping the future of business intelligence. Based on an extensive review of recent literature, AI-driven Decision Support Systems are becoming indispensable for organizations seeking to improve decision accuracy, optimize resource utilization, enhance customer experiences, and achieve sustainable competitive advantage in an increasingly digital business environment.
Artificial Intelligence, Decision Support Systems, Business Transformation, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Free treatment is a major and difficult problem, not only in Algeria, but in the entire health world. The problem lies in the fact that the health of individuals belongs to individuals, and in return the deterioration of the health of the individual may lead to the deterioration of the health of the group through infection, and for this reason it is necessary for the state to intervene to regulate the healthy lives of individuals through vaccinations and through prevention, but to what extent can public authorities intervene in health? On the other hand, can individuals consider that the role of public authorities is necessary and that every individual has the right to health? The right to health means prevention and treatment without compensation because the law protects rights, the rights of individuals and groups. Public service is primarily the responsibility of the state and is not suspended for a specific time, but rather is a permanent, continuous and evolving process. Despite the role that public facilities play in achieving public services, this does not mean that they are free of charge or without economic return.
Activity-Based Costing and Manufacturing Efficiency
Manufacturing organizations operate in an increasingly competitive environment where cost control, efficient resource utilization, and productivity improvement are critical for achieving sustainable growth. Traditional costing systems often fail to provide accurate product cost information due to the complex nature of modern manufacturing processes and the increasing proportion of indirect costs. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) has emerged as an effective cost management approach that allocates overhead costs based on the actual consumption of activities, thereby providing more precise and reliable cost information. the impact of Activity-Based Costing on manufacturing efficiency by evaluating its influence on cost accuracy, resource allocation, production planning, operational performance, and managerial decision-making. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to managers, accountants, and production personnel from selected manufacturing organizations. Appropriate statistical techniques were employed to analyze the relationship between Activity-Based Costing implementation and manufacturing efficiency. The findings indicate that organizations adopting Activity-Based Costing experience significant improvements in cost estimation, process efficiency, waste reduction, capacity utilization, and overall manufacturing performance. that Activity-Based Costing is an effective strategic management tool that enhances operational efficiency and supports informed decision-making in manufacturing organizations. The findings provide practical implications for managers seeking to improve productivity, optimize costs, and strengthen organizational competitiveness in an increasingly dynamic industrial environment.
Activity-Based Costing, Manufacturing Efficiency, Cost Management, Operational Performance
Internal Auditing and its Role in Improving Risk Management in Insurance Companies.
This study examines the role of internal auditing in enhancing risk management within insurance companies, considering it one of the key functions that contributes to strengthening control, governance, and organizational performance. The study aims to clarify how internal auditing contributes to the different stages of risk management, starting with the identification and assessment of potential risks and extending to the proposal of appropriate measures to address and mitigate their impacts. To achieve this objective, the study discusses the conceptual framework of internal auditing by addressing its definition, importance, objectives, and the international professional standards upon which it is based. In addition, it explores the nature of insurance companies and the various risks they face. The study also highlights the strategic role of internal auditing in supporting the effectiveness of risk management systems and enhancing the ability of insurance companies to overcome challenges and achieve financial and operational sustainability in an increasingly complex and continuously changing business environment.Keywords: Internal audit, insurance companies, risks .
Internal Audit, Insurance Companies, Risks
The Evolution of Historiography: From Classical to Contemporary Approaches
This paper examines the evolution of historiography from its classical foundations to contemporary approaches, the changing methods, perspectives, and purposes of writing history. Historiography, as the study of historical writing, reflects not only the past but also the intellectual, cultural, and political contexts in which it is produced. The study argues that the development of historiography demonstrates a shift from narrative and descriptive accounts to more analytical, critical, and interdisciplinary interpretations of history. classical historiography, represented by historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides, who laid the foundations of historical inquiry through narrative storytelling and early attempts at critical analysis. It then examines the emergence of scientific historiography in the nineteenth century, particularly through the work of Leopold von Ranke, who emphasized objectivity, archival research, and the use of primary sources to reconstruct the past.
Historiography, Classical Historiography, Modern Historiography, Postmodern Historiography
The field of criminal justice plays a pivotal role in preserving the fundamental components of society, and the criminal judiciary constantly seeks to enforce punishment upon the accused perpetrator of a criminalized act. However, social and scientific evolution has led to an intellectual enlightenment, advocating for a restorative justice approach that is less severe than deterrent justice. This approach has been remarkably enshrined in the new Criminal Procedure Code, Law No. 25-14, which embraces a reformative trend more prominently than the repealed law. The new law expands upon previously established mechanisms, such as criminal mediation, while introducing new, reformative judicial prosecution procedures. Concurrently, these measures alleviate the burden on the judiciary, thereby fostering a more efficient judicial environment. Ultimately, the legislative development of criminal justice profoundly serves the social dimension of the legal rule, as the Algerian legislator adopts novel methods in criminal prosecution and trial, applicable to both natural and legal persons.
Penal mediation, punishment, moral person, criminal justice, follow-up adjudication.
Effects of Cloud Accounting on Medium and Small Businesses
One major technical development in the realm of company accounting and financial management is cloud accounting. More and more companies are ditching antiquated accounting software in favor of cloud-based solutions, thanks to the explosion of internet-based services and digital technology. The term "cloud accounting" describes the practice of keeping track of money using the internet and using online accounting software and cloud computing. examines the idea of cloud accounting and how it affects SMEs in regards to performance, accessibility, cost management, and operational effectiveness. The many benefits that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) reap from cloud accounting include better cooperation among company stakeholders, automated accounting processes, safe data storage, and real-time access to financial data. Cloud accounting systems are subscription-based, making them more inexpensive and adaptable for small firms compared to traditional accounting systems. Traditional accounting systems require expensive infrastructure and manual upkeep. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have become much more efficient and accurate in their accounting operations thanks to features like online invoicing, payroll management, financial reporting, inventory tracking, and tax management.
Cloud Accounting, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Cloud Computing
The Constitutional Status of Economic Rights: Reconciling Normative Guarantees with the Exigencies of Economic Regulation
This article examines the constitutional problem posed by elevating economic rights to the status of binding normative guarantees. At the same time, the state retains sovereign powers of economic regulation to protect the public economic order. It highlights the legal tension between enforcing these constitutional rights and regulatory policies tied to the criterion of “available resources.” To mediate this conflict, the article emphasizes the centrality of constitutional review, particularly the plea of unconstitutionality, as a means of limiting legislative discretion. Legislative restrictions must therefore be subjected to the principle of proportionality in all its dimensions to ensure that the essential core of rights is not impaired. The article further stresses the need to give effect to legal certainty, legitimate expectations, and the prohibition of regression from vested rights, with a view to safeguarding legal positions against abrupt legislative amendments. It concludes that the constitutional judge must assume an active role in shaping economic security while exercising judicial self-restraint regarding economic expediency, in accordance with the principle of separation of powers.
economic rights; normative guarantees; economic regulation; constitutional review; principle of proportionality; legal certainty.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Adolescents
There are many changes occurring on a physical, emotional, and mental level throughout adolescence, a crucial time for growth and development. Having a healthy mind is crucial to your well-being at this stage of life. It has long been known that regular physical activity has a positive effect on mental health. In this study, we look at how exercise affects teenagers' mental well-being. the complex interplay between exercise and psychological well-being, taking into account the role of both the body and the mind. It delves at how playing sports, exercising, and engaging in leisure activities might impact one's mental and emotional health.
Physical activity, Mental health, Adolescents. Exercise
International Treaties Reservations: Legal Structure and Practical Implications
This article analyzes the mechanism of reservations to international treaties, which is a necessary legal tool to achieve a balance between the universality of multilateral treaties and the national sovereignty of states. Reservation is defined as a unilateral declaration issued by a state or international organization upon joining a treaty, with the aim of excluding or modifying the legal effect of certain provisions. The article is divided into two main sections. The first section focuses on the concept of reservations and their limits, explaining that reservations to treaties are subject to formal and substantive conditions, the most important of which is that the reservation must be consistent with the subject and purpose of the treaty. As for the second section, it addresses the stance of the other parties on the reservation and its legal effects. The article explains that the fate of the reservation depends on the reaction of the other parties, who can either accept the reservation, leading to the treaty being applied in a modified form between the two parties, or object to it; the objection may either prevent the treaty from coming into effect entirely between the two parties or be limited to excluding only the reserved provision. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that reservations, despite their importance in encouraging more countries to join, may lead to the fragmentation of the treaty's legal system and weaken its unity. The article also recommends the need to achieve a delicate balance between the flexibility of reservations and the integrity of the international legal system, while stressing the importance of transparency and imposing stricter limitations on reservations related to human rights treaties.
Reservations to international treaties; Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; legal effects of reservations; acceptance of reservations; objection to reservations; integrity of treaties.
Addressing Gender Disparities in Physical Education: Strategies for Inclusive Programming
Gender disparities in physical education (PE) are pervasive and often perpetuated by traditional norms, stereotypes, and institutional barriers. This paper explores strategies for addressing gender disparities in PE and promoting inclusive programming that meets the diverse needs and interests of all students. Drawing upon a review of existing literature and empirical studies, the paper examines key factors contributing to gender inequities in PE, including curriculum content, teaching practices, assessment methods, and social dynamics. It highlights the importance of challenging gender stereotypes, promoting gender equity, and creating a supportive and inclusive learning environment where all students feel valued and empowered to participate. The paper also identifies promising practices and innovative approaches for addressing gender disparities in PE, such as gender-neutral curriculum, inclusive teaching strategies, and opportunities for student voice and leadership. Recommendations for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders are provided to support the implementation of gender-inclusive programming in PE and promote equity and social justice in physical education settings. Overall, this paper underscores the importance of recognizing and addressing gender disparities in PE to ensure that all students have equal access to quality physical education and opportunities for lifelong participation in physical activity
Gender Disparities, Physical Education, Inclusive Programming, Gender Equity, Stereotypes
Populism and the Rise of Secessionist Movements in the European Union: A Geopolitical Analysis of Internal Fragmentation Dynamics
This article examines the relationship between populism and the rise of secessionist movements within the European Union from a geopolitical perspective. It argues that populism should not be understood solely as a reaction to socio-economic grievances or as a challenge to liberal democratic institutions, but rather as a discursive and political mechanism that redefines the boundaries of political community and sovereignty. By mobilizing a binary opposition between “the people” and “the elite,” populist discourse facilitates the reconfiguration of collective identities at the subnational level, thereby enabling the emergence of what this article conceptualizes as “secessionist populism.” Drawing on a qualitative, multi-level analytical framework that combines geopolitical analysis, discourse analysis, and comparative case studies (Catalonia, Scotland, and Flanders), the article demonstrates how populism contributes to transforming secessionist claims from marginal or identity-based demands into politically legitimate and democratically framed projects. It further explores how the European Union, as a system of multi-level governance, inadvertently provides an enabling environment for these dynamics by weakening the mediating role of the nation-state while offering alternative frameworks for political and economic continuity. The article introduces the concept of “internal geopolitical fragmentation” to capture the gradual and non-violent reconfiguration of political space within the EU, driven by democratic processes and subnational actors. It concludes that the interaction between populism and secessionism constitutes a structural challenge to the European integration project, as it destabilizes traditional conceptions of sovereignty, undermines national cohesion, and re-politicizes the foundations of the European political order.
Populism, Secessionist Movements, European Union, Multi-level Governance Geopolitics of Internal Fragmentation
Managerial Accounting Concept and Function
Managerial accounting, a crucial part of firm management, gathers, analyses, and interprets financial data for internal use. Managerial accounting uses financial data to aid internal decision-making, planning, and control. It helps managers allocate resources, evaluate performance, and build strategy by providing relevant, timely, and accurate information. Management accounting data includes budgets, cost assessments, variance reports, and financial statements. Management accounting helps managers plan, monitor, and evaluate the organization's performance to complete their duties. It helps managers make better decisions regarding resource allocation, pricing, expenditure management, and project performance. Accounting for managers helps measure performance by showing how effectively the organisation is meeting its goals.
managerial accounting, managerial reporting, information systems, information technologies, information Resource
The Principle of Equality in Holding Public Office: A Comparative Study
All state institutions play an important role in serving society and citizens through the regular and continuous operation of public services. This is achieved by organizing work within institutions, bodies, and departments to serve the public interest. These institutions are managed by individuals known as public employees. The state, as a legal entity, is essentially a group of individuals working on its behalf, bearing its responsibilities, and carrying out its activities. The state and its dependent institutions are considered public legal persons. The prosperity and effectiveness of a state depend on the efficiency, knowledge, and competence of its public employees. It is often said that when a nation is described as civilized and advanced, it is due to the quality of its public employees; when described as underdeveloped, it is likewise due to their inefficiency. In a vivid analogy, it has been said: “The public employee is nothing but a speaking law, while the law is but a silent employee.” Holding a public position requires several general and specific conditions. Anyone who meets them has the right to be listed among candidates in accordance with the principle of equality.
Environmental Administrative Decisions: A Fundamental Legal Study
This scientific article aims to define the concepts relating to environmental administration, with particular focus on administrative decisions as one of the most important mechanisms for regulating environmental administrative action. This is achieved through a systematic examination of environmental administrative decisions, which play a significant role in the protection of the environment and in entrenching the principle of environmental safety as enshrined in the Algerian Constitution of 2020, by highlighting the available environmental administrative instruments. These instruments encompass a body of administrative, constitutional, and legal rules and procedures that regulate the relationship between humanity and the environment — including its elements of air, water, and soil — in order to guarantee environmental safety and ensure the continuity of life in a sound environment, objectives that are attainable only through the adoption of sound environmental administrative decisions that govern this domain.
Decisions; Administration; Control; Humans; Air; Water; Soil; Environment; Administrative Decision; Legality; Competence.
Insurance Fraud Offense in the Algerian and American Systems: Between Theory and Application in Determining Criminal Liability Rules
The crime of fraud and deceit in the field of insurance is among the most dangerous newly emerging offenses that threaten both the public and private sectors. This is because it does not affect only insurance companies ; rather, its harmful consequences spread to policyholders and to society as a whole. Fraud in insurance, in both the Algerian and American systems, revolves around the idea of resorting to fraudulent methods and techniques in order to exploit insurance contracts, with the aim of obtaining an unjust, unlawful profit, and it is given a criminal description. When discussing the rules for implementing and establishing criminal liability for the crime of insurance fraud and deceit in these two pieces of legislation, we find that there is a divergence between them in terms of the legislative approach. Thus, whereas the Algerian legislator limits itself to the general rules for classifying the act as fraud and deceit, the American system has devoted an independent and stringent legal arsenal to distinguish between civil and criminal fraud concerning these undesired behaviors in the insurance field. This is what will be studied in this article between theory and practice, in determining the provisions governing criminal liability.
Fraud and deceit ; insurance fraud ; insurance companies ; criminal liability ; the Algerian legal system ; the American legal system]
Copyright (c) 2025 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital Marketing Automation and Sentiment Analysis Using NLP in Business Communication
The confluence of digital marketing automation platforms and natural language processing technologies has fundamentally transformed how organizations analyze, generate, and respond to business communications at scale, creating both unprecedented opportunities for personalization and efficiency and novel challenges related to sentiment accuracy, context preservation, and ethical deployment of algorithmic decision systems in customer-facing interactions. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of NLP-driven sentiment analysis integration with digital marketing automation workflows across a multi-industry dataset comprising 2.3 million customer communication records from e-commerce, financial services, hospitality, and healthcare sectors. We develop and evaluate a hybrid transformer-based sentiment classification architecture that combines domain-adaptive fine-tuning of BERT with lexicon-augmented rule systems to address the domain-specificity and context-dependency limitations of general-purpose sentiment models in professional business communication contexts. The proposed architecture achieves sentiment classification accuracy of 91.7 percent on a curated multi-domain benchmark, representing an improvement of 8.4 percentage points over vanilla BERT and 14.2 percentage points over traditional lexicon-based approaches. Integration of the sentiment analysis pipeline with marketing automation triggers is evaluated through a randomized controlled trial across 180,000 customer interaction records, demonstrating statistically significant improvements in email open rates, conversion rates, and customer satisfaction scores when sentiment-adaptive automation logic replaces uniform rule-based triggers. The analysis further examines the ethical dimensions of automated sentiment analysis in business communication, including bias amplification risks, transparency obligations, and the appropriate scope of algorithmic autonomy in customer relationship management.
Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis, Digital Marketing Automation, BERT, Transformer Models, Customer Communication, Marketing Technology, Text Classification, Business Intelligence, Customer Relationship Management
The Role of Digital Capabilities in Driving Marketing Innovation and Business Performance: Evidence from Indian SMEs
This study investigates the role of digital capabilities in enhancing the business performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India, with a specific focus on how digital capabilities influence performance outcomes, their relationship with marketing innovation, the mediating role of marketing innovation, and the moderating influence of competition intensity. Although India's digital ecosystem has expanded dramatically driven by flagship initiatives such as Digital India, Start-up India, and the MSME digitalization agenda many Indian SMEs continue to face significant barriers including limited financial resources, inadequate digital infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled digital talent. Primary data were gathered from 385 retail and service-sector SMEs registered under the Udyam Registration Portal of the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MoMSME), and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 4.0. The findings reveal that digital capabilities employ a significant positive influence on SME business performance and serve as a key driver of marketing innovation. Marketing innovation partially mediates the relationship between digital capabilities and performance. However, competition intensity does not significantly moderate the link between digital capabilities and business performance. These results highlight the commanding for Indian SMEs to invest in digital transformation, strengthen workforce digital literacy, and develop strategic governance frameworks to convert digital capabilities into sustained competitive advantages. This study contributes theoretically by extending the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT) in the context of Indian SMEs and digitally emerging economies
Digital Capabilities, Marketing Innovation, SME Performance, Digital Transformation, Indian MSMEs, PLS-SEM
International responsibility for the use of military drones : between the Legal vacuum and the inevitability of a transitional phase in the development of international law
This study addresses the issue of international responsibility for the use of military drones in light of the rapid technological transformation occurring in the field of armed conflicts, where these devices have evolved from mere reconnaissance tools to advanced combat systems relying on artificial intelligence. The study highlights the absence of a specific international legal framework regulating their use, despite their subjection, in principle, to the rules of international humanitarian law, particularly the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military and humanitarian necessity. It also discusses the jurisprudential divide between a school of thought advocating for a preemptive ban due to the risks of technological autonomy, and another supporting controlled use within the framework of existing rules. The study sheds light on the problem of the responsibility gap resulting from the difficulty of attributing actions to a specific actor under autonomous systems, and concludes that the current rules, despite their existence, face significant challenges in implementation.
Set against the decline of the Roman Empire, the thought of Saint Augustine, as expressed in The City of God, presents history as a tension between the divine and the earthly cities, defined by moral purpose as opposed to political or ethnic identity. Knowledge is rooted in self-awareness, while the state is viewed as a necessary but imperfect institution, and true citizenship lies in a dual allegiance to temporal authority and divine order, grounded in moral values such as love, justice, and peace. In dialogue with Stoicism, this vision affirms a universal model of citizenship shaped by ethical commitment.
Law and Social Change: The Impact of Legislation on Gender Equality
In the context of gender equality, the study of the intricate relationship that exists between the law and social change is an extremely important field of research. the influence that legislative actions have had on the advancement of gender equality, as well as the investigation of the ways in which legal reforms have contributed to the modification of societal norms and the enhancement of the position of women in various locations. To begin, a review of historical and contemporary legislation that has been enacted with the intention of advancing gender equality is presented. This examination includes major laws and policies that have been enacted at both the national and international levels. Anti-discrimination laws, the Equal Pay Act, and international treaties such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) are all examples of laws that have been passed to combat discrimination. A considerable contribution has been made by these legislative frameworks in resolving gender inequities in a variety of fields, such as employment, education, and political involvement, among others.
Gender Equality, Legal Reforms, Social Change, Legislative Impact
The Legal Architecture of Digital Agreements: A Comprehensive Examination of Contracts and Obligations in Electronic Commerce
The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed the landscape of commercial transactions, presenting unprecedented challenges and opportunities for legal systems worldwide. This comprehensive academic intervention provides an in-depth analysis of the legal frameworks governing electronic contracts, with particular emphasis on the formation, validity, enforceability, and performance of digital agreements. Drawing extensively on international instruments including the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, the E-Sign Act, the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, and the EU's e-Commerce Directive, this paper examines the rights and obligations of parties in electronic commerce. The intervention also addresses critical issues of consumer protection, comparative legal approaches across jurisdictions, emerging technological challenges including blockchain and artificial intelligence, and identifies significant legal gaps that require urgent legislative attention.
Electronic contracts, digital commerce, consumer protection, digital signatures, contract formation, electronic commerce law, functional equivalence, technological neutrality
Honorary Ranks for CAPFs: A Comparative Study of Military–Paramilitary Welfare Parity in India
The Indian security framework is broadly divided between the Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). While both contribute significantly to national security, welfare entitlements and recognition frameworks available to personnel differ sharply. A prominent area of divergence is the provision of Honorary Ranks, a long-standing tradition in the Indian Army that publicly acknowledges the service, sacrifice, and seniority of soldiers upon retirement. CAPF personnel, despite facing comparable operational risks, harsh service conditions, and extended field deployments, do not receive any form of honorary rank at the end of service—even when many retire with grade pays substantially higher than their last-held designated rank due to the MACP (Modified Assured Career Progression) scheme. This research paper examines this disparity by conducting a comparative analysis of the welfare, administrative, pension, and recognition frameworks governing the Armed Forces and CAPFs. Using secondary data from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D), Ministry of Home Affairs reports, Parliamentary Committee observations, and statutory rules governing service conditions, the study highlights how rank stagnation, hierarchy saturation, and the absence of an honorary rank policy undermine the post-retirement dignity and employability of CAPF personnel. The findings demonstrate that CAPFs, despite serving longer tenures with higher deployment stress, remain institutionally disadvantaged due to the lack of formalized recognition systems available to military veterans. The paper argues that granting honorary ranks based on final grade pay at retirement is administratively feasible, legally sound, and crucial for bridging long-standing welfare inequities. It proposes a policy framework for introducing Honorary Ranks within CAPFs, supported by doctrinal principles of administrative justice, equity, service parity, and morale-building. The study contributes to ongoing national discussions on CAPF welfare reform and provides an actionable roadmap for advancing recognition-based parity in India’s uniformed services.
Marketing and Consumer Engagement for Circularity
This paper investigates the importance of marketing strategies in driving and popularizing circular economic practices through changing consumers' behavior of recycling, reusing or repurposing products. Some sensitize themselves to the prevention of waste and suggest ad hoc campaigns for specific publicity to bring environmental benefits and economic benefits in favor of promulgating a kind of circular economy. The project resilience study hopes to motivate wider adoption of responsible environmental behaviors. In parallel uses influencer collaborations, brand partnerships and experiential events. Case studies in the paper also provide practical examples of what companies did to introduce circularity into their marketing and offer courses on driving sustainable consumer behaviors. Finally, the research looks at how social media and digital platforms can promote sustainability by driving consciousness and community-building. Sentiment analysis is used in social discussions and responses from customers to identify public sentiment which can be used by the marketers to adjust your messaging, contrary to confirmation bias. This research provides concrete evidence with the case study how eco wear impact the economy, with cost benefits, data-based strategies to increase consumer engagement and help us move toward a sustainable circular economy.
AI-driven augmented reality for immersive hospitality and tourism experiences
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) has significantly transformed businesses worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies in this field. This research aims to examine how AI-driven AR and VR technologies influence consumer decision-making process in the hospitality and tourism sectors, with a focus on their impact on customer engagement and purchase confidence and how they will change the industry, particularly, the use of devices like Apple’s Vision Pro, a spatial computing headset that integrates augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) to create immersive, interactive digital experiences. The device lets traveler’s experience immersive previews of destinations and accommodations, improving consumer confidence and engagement. This leads to purchasing behaviour and strengthens the bond between the consumer and the service provider; additionally, AI-driven customisations generate content that matches individual preferences, thereby increasing satisfaction. By integrating multiple data sources (e.g., research literature and expert opinions), we found that early adopters of these technologies are likely to gain a significant competitive advantage. They can differentiate themselves in hospitality and tourism by offering interactive experiences that boost bookings and brand loyalty. Customers increasingly expect reliability, empathy, and personalized service at every stage of their experience. This research fills the gap by providing empirical evidence on how immersive AI-driven experiences influence consumer behaviour, decision-making, and brand perception. However, implications and challenges such as high implementation costs and the need for a user-friendly design persist. As AI, VR, and AR become more accessible, their role in hospitality and tourism is expected to grow, reshaping how travellers interact with services and make informed choices.
Augmented reality, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, tourism, hospitality, consumer behaviour
Understanding Gendered Perspectives of Experiential Marketing in Generation Z
This study investigates the experiential perception of buying behavior among Generation Z, focusing on gender differences using an independent t-test analysis. The primary objective is to understand the gendered perspectives of experiential marketing within Gen Z consumers. The research utilizes primary data collected from 654 respondents, comprising 467 males and 177 females, all belonging to Generation Z.T test is used for checking significance level.The findings reveal that customer satisfaction correlates more strongly with females than males across several experiential marketing dimensions, including smell, act, sense, feel, word-of-mouth (WOM), and willingness to purchase. These results suggest that female consumers in Gen Z may respond more positively to sensory and emotional elements of experiential marketing, which in turn influences their buying decisions more significantly compared to their male counterparts. Despite these insights, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which restricts the ability to draw conclusions over time. Therefore, the generalizability of the findings may be enhanced by future longitudinal studies that track experiential perception and buying behavior trends over extended periods. Additionally, the study opens avenues for further research from the marketers’ perspective, exploring how experiential marketing strategies can be optimized to cater to the nuanced preferences of different gender groups within Gen Z. Such investigations could provide valuable insights for creating targeted, gender-sensitive marketing campaigns that effectively engage this influential consumer segment.
Constitutional Validity of AI-Based Surveillance in India: Privacy vs. National Security
India’s rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered surveillance technologies has ignited a fierce constitutional debate about the balance between individual privacy rights and state-driven national security imperatives. Since 2019, the government has deployed facial recognition systems in major railway stations, integrated AI into urban policing, and announced plans to launch 50 AI-powered satellites for surveillance14. These developments occur against a backdrop of inadequate legal safeguards, raising critical questions about compliance with the Supreme Court’s landmark Puttaswamy judgment (2017), which recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution27. This report examines the constitutional validity of AI surveillance frameworks, analyzes the tension between privacy and security, and proposes reforms to reconcile these competing interests within India’s democratic framework.
Next-Generation Sequencing and Artificial Intelligence in Prenatal Down Syndrome Screening: Legal and Regulatory Implications for Health Insurance, Medical Liability, and Genetic Data Protection
The integration of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and AI have made Down syndrome prenatal screening earlier, more accurate, and non-invasive. These technologies offer better therapeutic outcomes and less diagnostic uncertainty, but widespread implementation poses difficult legal, ethical, and insurance issues. This research critically investigates how AI-assisted NGS-based prenatal screening affects health insurance coverage, medical and institutional liability, and genetic data protection. Predictive genomic data challenges risk pooling and non-discrimination in insurance legislation, especially when insurers employ prenatal genetic information in underwriting or coverage decisions. The study also examines professional liability, including diagnostic errors caused by algorithmic bias, system failure, or poor human oversight, and AI-driven genomic tool-based clinician and healthcare provider standards of care. The study also discusses GDPR and similar national laws' effects on genetic data privacy, informed consent, data ownership, and cross-border data transfer. This comparative and interdisciplinary study shows that AI-enabled prenatal genetic screening requires strong regulatory safeguards, explicit liability allocation mechanisms, and insurance changes to assure ethical, lawful, and equitable use. The report closes with policy recommendations to balance technological innovation, patient rights, legal accountability, and data security.
Quantum Enhanced Machine Learning Model for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s is a progressive and degenerative brain disorder causing impairment in memory and cognitive function. It is the most common form of Dementia and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases with each decade of life. This usually starts in late middle age to old age resulting in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation and changes in personality. Neurons are first lost in the hippocampus (the brain’s centre for memory and learning), and presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid cells. Owing to the progressive nature of the disease and the complex structure of the brain, the exact causes, mechanisms and how Alzheimer’s spread is not completely understood thereby inhibiting in the production of a cure for the disease. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is a promising area of research for the detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. PET scan helps in diagnosing Alzheimer’s by detecting the amyloid plaques and tau tangles. It reveals areas with reduced metabolism, which helps differentiate Alzheimer’s from other conditions. Quantum computing provides a more efficient model for different disease classification tasks than classical machine learning approaches. In this study, we propose a model based on quantum machine learning classifiers to classify Alzheimer’s disease. This showcases the feasibility of Quantum enhanced classification and detection of AD for extremely limited medical datasets.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN INSURANCE COMMERCE: CONSUMER ADOPTION PATTERNS AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS
The insurance industry is experiencing a fundamental transformation driven by digital technologies, changing consumer expectations, and competitive pressures from InsurTech start-ups. This research examines consumer adoption patterns of digital insurance channels, analyses the technological drivers of transformation, and evaluates market implications for traditional insurers. Through analysis of industry data and consumer behavior studies, this paper reveals that while 67% of insurance firms have accelerated digital transformation initiatives, only approximately 10% of consumers complete the entire insurance purchasing journey through digital channels. The research identifies key barriers to adoption, explores emerging technologies reshaping the sector, and provides strategic recommendations for insurers navigating this transition.