International Insurance Law Review
type: channel
description: The International Insurance Law Review (IILR) is a prestigious academic journal dedicated to advancing the understanding of insurance law across jurisdictions. Renowned for its rigorous standards and commitment to quality, IILR serves as a global platform for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to explore and discuss critical issues in the field of insurance law. International Insurance Law Review ISSN: 0968-2090 Publisher: Lumar Publications Email: editor@lumarpub.com Indexed by: Australian Business Dean Council (ABDC) - A Rating
publisher: Lumar Publications (lumarpub.com)
language: en
publication name: International Insurance Law Review
issn: 0968-2090
items: International responsibility for the use of military drones : between the Legal vacuum and the inevitability of a transitional phase in the development of international law
items: City of God and Ethical Citizenship
items: Law and Social Change: The Impact of Legislation on Gender Equality
items: The Legal Architecture of Digital Agreements: A Comprehensive Examination of Contracts and Obligations in Electronic Commerce
items: Honorary Ranks for CAPFs: A Comparative Study of Military–Paramilitary Welfare Parity in India
items: Marketing and Consumer Engagement for Circularity
items: AI-driven augmented reality for immersive hospitality and tourism experiences
items: Understanding Gendered Perspectives of Experiential Marketing in Generation Z
items: Constitutional Validity of AI-Based Surveillance in India: Privacy vs. National Security
items: Next-Generation Sequencing and Artificial Intelligence in Prenatal Down Syndrome Screening: Legal and Regulatory Implications for Health Insurance, Medical Liability, and Genetic Data Protection
items: Quantum Enhanced Machine Learning Model for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
items: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN INSURANCE COMMERCE: CONSUMER ADOPTION PATTERNS AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS
items: Portfolio Optimization under Uncertainty: Evidence from Behavioural Biases and Risk-Adjusted Performance
items: Digital Banking and Customer Financial Behavior
items: A Cross-Platform Model of Audience Perception Toward Social Media Advertising: The Role of Format, Personalization, and Platform Context
items: A Quantum Cryptography Framework for Enhancing the Security in Wireless IoT Networks
items: Quantum Cryptanalysis: A Survey of Threats and Post-Quantum Countermeasures
items: Impact of Music Familiarity and Emotional Response on Consumer Brand Engagement: An Empirical Study
items: Digital Arrest in the Cyber World: Legal Challenges and the Quest for Justice
items: Safeguarding Consumer Data in Digital Insurance: Legal Frameworks and Ethical Imperatives
items: Impact of Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Act, 2025 in Insurance Sector in India: An Empirical Study
items: Regulatory Challenges in Cross-Border Insurance Transactions: An Analysis of Emerging Legal Frameworks
items: Workplace Diversity, Inclusion, and Employee Well-Being: A Socio-Managerial Analysis of Human Resource Strategies in Contemporary Organizations
items: To Investigate the Methods that HR Departments used to Manage Human Resources During The COVID-19 Crisis in Hotels, With Special Reference to Frontline Employees
items: Quantifying Crypto-Equity Interconnectedness Using RStudio: A Sectoral Network Analysis
items: Generative AI in InsurTech: Revolutionizing Personalized Advertising Content, Automated CRM Interactions, and HRM Training Simulations
items: Insurance Inclusivity in Education: A Conceptual Framework for Student Well-Being, Security, and Access
items: Legal Barriers and Enablers for Digital Financial Services in Emerging Economies
items: Disability and Assistive Technologies for the Orthopedically Challenged: A Sociological Commentary
items: Financial Resilience and Risk Optimization in Emerging Economies: A Behavioural Finance Perspective

International responsibility for the use of military drones : between the Legal vacuum and the inevitability of a transitional phase in the development of international law
type: item
description: This study addresses the issue of international responsibility for the use of military drones in light of the rapid technological transformation occurring in the field of armed conflicts, where these devices have evolved from mere reconnaissance tools to advanced combat systems relying on artificial intelligence. The study highlights the absence of a specific international legal framework regulating their use, despite their subjection, in principle, to the rules of international humanitarian law, particularly the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military and humanitarian necessity. It also discusses the jurisprudential divide between a school of thought advocating for a preemptive ban due to the risks of technological autonomy, and another supporting controlled use within the framework of existing rules. The study sheds light on the problem of the responsibility gap resulting from the difficulty of attributing actions to a specific actor under autonomous systems, and concludes that the current rules, despite their existence, face significant challenges in implementation.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: International responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: military drones
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomous operation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rebaia Radouane
creator: Boucetta Zahredine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 35
ending page: 52
doi: 10.65677/

City of God and Ethical Citizenship
type: item
description: Set against the decline of the Roman Empire, the thought of Saint Augustine, as expressed in The City of God, presents history as a tension between the divine and the earthly cities, defined by moral purpose as opposed to political or ethnic identity. Knowledge is rooted in self-awareness, while the state is viewed as a necessary but imperfect institution, and true citizenship lies in a dual allegiance to temporal authority and divine order, grounded in moral values such as love, justice, and peace. In dialogue with Stoicism, this vision affirms a universal model of citizenship shaped by ethical commitment.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Saint Augustine
  topic: keywords
subject: The City of God
  topic: keywords
subject: citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: divine law
  topic: keywords
subject: political theology
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Stoicism
  topic: keywords
subject: moral values
  topic: keywords
creator: ‏‎ Dr. Kefif Kadhi Fatima Zohra
creator: Dr. Bendoucha Charif Dine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 25
ending page: 34
doi: 10.65677/

Law and Social Change: The Impact of Legislation on Gender Equality
type: item
description: In the context of gender equality, the study of the intricate relationship that exists between the law and social change is an extremely important field of research. the influence that legislative actions have had on the advancement of gender equality, as well as the investigation of the ways in which legal reforms have contributed to the modification of societal norms and the enhancement of the position of women in various locations. To begin, a review of historical and contemporary legislation that has been enacted with the intention of advancing gender equality is presented. This examination includes major laws and policies that have been enacted at both the national and international levels. Anti-discrimination laws, the Equal Pay Act, and international treaties such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) are all examples of laws that have been passed to combat discrimination. A considerable contribution has been made by these legislative frameworks in resolving gender inequities in a variety of fields, such as employment, education, and political involvement, among others.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender Equality, Legal Reforms, Social Change, Legislative Impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Advay Prithvansh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 19
ending page: 24

The Legal Architecture of Digital Agreements: A Comprehensive Examination of Contracts and Obligations in Electronic Commerce
type: item
description: The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed the landscape of commercial transactions, presenting unprecedented challenges and opportunities for legal systems worldwide. This comprehensive academic intervention provides an in-depth analysis of the legal frameworks governing electronic contracts, with particular emphasis on the formation, validity, enforceability, and performance of digital agreements. Drawing extensively on international instruments including the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, the E-Sign Act, the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, and the EU's e-Commerce Directive, this paper examines the rights and obligations of parties in electronic commerce. The intervention also addresses critical issues of consumer protection, comparative legal approaches across jurisdictions, emerging technological challenges including blockchain and artificial intelligence, and identifies significant legal gaps that require urgent legislative attention.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic contracts, digital commerce, consumer protection, digital signatures, contract formation, electronic commerce law, functional equivalence, technological neutrality
  topic: keywords
creator: NOUIRI Samia
creator: BOURDIMA Meriem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 18

Honorary Ranks for CAPFs: A Comparative Study of Military–Paramilitary Welfare Parity in India
type: item
description: The Indian security framework is broadly divided between the Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). While both contribute significantly to national security, welfare entitlements and recognition frameworks available to personnel differ sharply. A prominent area of divergence is the provision of Honorary Ranks, a long-standing tradition in the Indian Army that publicly acknowledges the service, sacrifice, and seniority of soldiers upon retirement. CAPF personnel, despite facing comparable operational risks, harsh service conditions, and extended field deployments, do not receive any form of honorary rank at the end of service—even when many retire with grade pays substantially higher than their last-held designated rank due to the MACP (Modified Assured Career Progression) scheme. This research paper examines this disparity by conducting a comparative analysis of the welfare, administrative, pension, and recognition frameworks governing the Armed Forces and CAPFs. Using secondary data from the Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D), Ministry of Home Affairs reports, Parliamentary Committee observations, and statutory rules governing service conditions, the study highlights how rank stagnation, hierarchy saturation, and the absence of an honorary rank policy undermine the post-retirement dignity and employability of CAPF personnel. The findings demonstrate that CAPFs, despite serving longer tenures with higher deployment stress, remain institutionally disadvantaged due to the lack of formalized recognition systems available to military veterans. The paper argues that granting honorary ranks based on final grade pay at retirement is administratively feasible, legally sound, and crucial for bridging long-standing welfare inequities. It proposes a policy framework for introducing Honorary Ranks within CAPFs, supported by doctrinal principles of administrative justice,…
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: CAPFs
  topic: keywords
subject: Honorary Rank
  topic: keywords
subject: Parity
  topic: keywords
subject: Military Welfare
  topic: keywords
subject: Grade Pay
  topic: keywords
subject: MACP
  topic: keywords
subject: NPS
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Payal Arya
creator: Dr. Pranay Kumar Aditya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-03
publication date: 2026-02-03
starting page: 469
ending page: 491
doi: 10.65677/345

Marketing and Consumer Engagement for Circularity
type: item
description: This paper investigates the importance of marketing strategies in driving and popularizing circular economic practices through changing consumers' behavior of recycling, reusing or repurposing products. Some sensitize themselves to the prevention of waste and suggest ad hoc campaigns for specific publicity to bring environmental benefits and economic benefits in favor of promulgating a kind of circular economy. The project resilience study hopes to motivate wider adoption of responsible environmental behaviors. In parallel uses influencer collaborations, brand partnerships and experiential events. Case studies in the paper also provide practical examples of what companies did to introduce circularity into their marketing and offer courses on driving sustainable consumer behaviors. Finally, the research looks at how social media and digital platforms can promote sustainability by driving consciousness and community-building. Sentiment analysis is used in social discussions and responses from customers to identify public sentiment which can be used by the marketers to adjust your messaging, contrary to confirmation bias. This research provides concrete evidence with the case study how eco wear impact the economy, with cost benefits, data-based strategies to increase consumer engagement and help us move toward a sustainable circular economy.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analyzing Consumer Sentiment
  topic: keywords
subject: Circular economy
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer initiative
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Eco-Wear
  topic: keywords
subject: Engaging Consumers
  topic: keywords
subject: Reducing Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Re-use
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic Marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. M. Sudha
creator: Dr. C. Kandasamy
creator: Dr. U. Jawahar Supraveen
creator: Niranchana Shri Viswanathan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 452
ending page: 468
doi: 10.65677/iilr.344

AI-driven augmented reality for immersive hospitality and tourism experiences
type: item
description: Integrating artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) has significantly transformed businesses worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies in this field. This research aims to examine how AI-driven AR and VR technologies influence consumer decision-making process in the hospitality and tourism sectors, with a focus on their impact on customer engagement and purchase confidence and how they will change the industry, particularly, the use of devices like Apple’s Vision Pro, a spatial computing headset that integrates augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) to create immersive, interactive digital experiences. The device lets traveler’s experience immersive previews of destinations and accommodations, improving consumer confidence and engagement. This leads to purchasing behaviour and strengthens the bond between the consumer and the service provider; additionally, AI-driven customisations generate content that matches individual preferences, thereby increasing satisfaction. By integrating multiple data sources (e.g., research literature and expert opinions), we found that early adopters of these technologies are likely to gain a significant competitive advantage. They can differentiate themselves in hospitality and tourism by offering interactive experiences that boost bookings and brand loyalty. Customers increasingly expect reliability, empathy, and personalized service at every stage of their experience. This research fills the gap by providing empirical evidence on how immersive AI-driven experiences influence consumer behaviour, decision-making, and brand perception. However, implications and challenges such as high implementation costs and the need for a user-friendly design persist. As AI, VR, and AR become more accessible, their role in hospitality and tourism is expected to grow, reshaping how travellers interact with services and make informed choices.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Augmented reality, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, tourism, hospitality, consumer behaviour
  topic: keywords
creator: Sheila Capodanno
creator: Syed Mahmood Ahmed
creator: Claudia De Luca
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-07
publication date: 2026-03-07
starting page: 418
ending page: 432
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.29

Understanding Gendered Perspectives of Experiential Marketing in Generation Z
type: item
description: This study investigates the experiential perception of buying behavior among Generation Z, focusing on gender differences using an independent t-test analysis. The primary objective is to understand the gendered perspectives of experiential marketing within Gen Z consumers. The research utilizes primary data collected from 654 respondents, comprising 467 males and 177 females, all belonging to Generation Z.T test is used for checking significance level.The findings reveal that customer satisfaction correlates more strongly with females than males across several experiential marketing dimensions, including smell, act, sense, feel, word-of-mouth (WOM), and willingness to purchase. These results suggest that female consumers in Gen Z may respond more positively to sensory and emotional elements of experiential marketing, which in turn influences their buying decisions more significantly compared to their male counterparts. Despite these insights, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which restricts the ability to draw conclusions over time. Therefore, the generalizability of the findings may be enhanced by future longitudinal studies that track experiential perception and buying behavior trends over extended periods. Additionally, the study opens avenues for further research from the marketers’ perspective, exploring how experiential marketing strategies can be optimized to cater to the nuanced preferences of different gender groups within Gen Z. Such investigations could provide valuable insights for creating targeted, gender-sensitive marketing campaigns that effectively engage this influential consumer segment.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Experiential Marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Gen Z
  topic: keywords
subject: Male
  topic: keywords
subject: Female
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. (Dr.) Madhu Arora
creator: Dr. Amit Kumar
creator: Dr. Anurag Tiruwa
creator: Prof. (Dr.) Poonam Khurana
creator: Dr. Ruchi Srivastava
creator: Dr. Priya Sharma
creator: Swati Verma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
starting page: 408
ending page: 417
doi: 10.65677/iilr.335

Constitutional Validity of AI-Based Surveillance in India: Privacy vs. National Security
type: item
description: India’s rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered surveillance technologies has ignited a fierce constitutional debate about the balance between individual privacy rights and state-driven national security imperatives. Since 2019, the government has deployed facial recognition systems in major railway stations, integrated AI into urban policing, and announced plans to launch 50 AI-powered satellites for surveillance14. These developments occur against a backdrop of inadequate legal safeguards, raising critical questions about compliance with the Supreme Court’s landmark Puttaswamy judgment (2017), which recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution27. This report examines the constitutional validity of AI surveillance frameworks, analyzes the tension between privacy and security, and proposes reforms to reconcile these competing interests within India’s democratic framework.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: landmark Puttaswamy judgment
  topic: keywords
subject: competing interests
  topic: keywords
subject: democratic framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Arushi
creator: Dr. Dakshita Sangwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
starting page: 355
ending page: 359
doi: 10.65677/iilr.333

Next-Generation Sequencing and Artificial Intelligence in Prenatal Down Syndrome Screening: Legal and Regulatory Implications for Health Insurance, Medical Liability, and Genetic Data Protection
type: item
description: The integration of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and AI have made Down syndrome prenatal screening earlier, more accurate, and non-invasive. These technologies offer better therapeutic outcomes and less diagnostic uncertainty, but widespread implementation poses difficult legal, ethical, and insurance issues. This research critically investigates how AI-assisted NGS-based prenatal screening affects health insurance coverage, medical and institutional liability, and genetic data protection. Predictive genomic data challenges risk pooling and non-discrimination in insurance legislation, especially when insurers employ prenatal genetic information in underwriting or coverage decisions. The study also examines professional liability, including diagnostic errors caused by algorithmic bias, system failure, or poor human oversight, and AI-driven genomic tool-based clinician and healthcare provider standards of care. The study also discusses GDPR and similar national laws' effects on genetic data privacy, informed consent, data ownership, and cross-border data transfer. This comparative and interdisciplinary study shows that AI-enabled prenatal genetic screening requires strong regulatory safeguards, explicit liability allocation mechanisms, and insurance changes to assure ethical, lawful, and equitable use. The report closes with policy recommendations to balance technological innovation, patient rights, legal accountability, and data security.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Next-Generation Sequencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Prenatal Screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Down Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Insurance Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Liability
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Babymol Kurian
creator: Bhuvan Unhelkar
creator: Dr.Siva Shankar S
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
starting page: 342
ending page: 354
doi: 10.65677/iilr.332

Quantum Enhanced Machine Learning Model for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
type: item
description: Alzheimer’s is a progressive and degenerative brain disorder causing impairment in memory and cognitive function. It is the most common form of Dementia and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases with each decade of life. This usually starts in late middle age to old age resulting in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation and changes in personality. Neurons are first lost in the hippocampus (the brain’s centre for memory and learning), and presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid cells. Owing to the progressive nature of the disease and the complex structure of the brain, the exact causes, mechanisms and how Alzheimer’s spread is not completely understood thereby inhibiting in the production of a cure for the disease. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is a promising area of research for the detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. PET scan helps in diagnosing Alzheimer’s by detecting the amyloid plaques and tau tangles. It reveals areas with reduced metabolism, which helps differentiate Alzheimer’s from other conditions. Quantum computing provides a more efficient model for different disease classification tasks than classical machine learning approaches. In this study, we propose a model based on quantum machine learning classifiers to classify Alzheimer’s disease. This showcases the feasibility of Quantum enhanced classification and detection of AD for extremely limited medical datasets.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alzheimer’s disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Pet Imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantum Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantum Support Vector Machine
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid Quantum classical model
  topic: keywords
creator: Nancy Noella R S
creator: Bhuvanesh Unhelkar
creator: Siva Shankar Subramanian
creator: G Nagarajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
starting page: 331
ending page: 341
doi: 10.65677/iilr.331

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN INSURANCE COMMERCE: CONSUMER ADOPTION PATTERNS AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS
type: item
description: The insurance industry is experiencing a fundamental transformation driven by digital technologies, changing consumer expectations, and competitive pressures from InsurTech start-ups. This research examines consumer adoption patterns of digital insurance channels, analyses the technological drivers of transformation, and evaluates market implications for traditional insurers. Through analysis of industry data and consumer behavior studies, this paper reveals that while 67% of insurance firms have accelerated digital transformation initiatives, only approximately 10% of consumers complete the entire insurance purchasing journey through digital channels. The research identifies key barriers to adoption, explores emerging technologies reshaping the sector, and provides strategic recommendations for insurers navigating this transition.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: insurance technology
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Insure Tech
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: customer experience
  topic: keywords
subject: digital channels
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr SHANTHI P
creator: Dr M SURESH
creator: Dr. B. BHAVYA
creator: Dr. DHIVYA SATHISH
creator: Dr. SUNDARAPANDIYAN NATARAJAN
creator: Dr. DEEPIKA M
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
starting page: 379
ending page: 395
doi: 10.65677/iilr.330

Portfolio Optimization under Uncertainty: Evidence from Behavioural Biases and Risk-Adjusted Performance
type: item
description: Portfolio optimization under uncertainty remains a critical challenge in modern finance, particularly when cognitive biases and behavioral factors distort rational decision-making. Traditional mean-variance optimization models assume investor rationality, yet empirical evidence demonstrates that loss aversion, herding behavior, and probability weighting significantly influence asset allocation choices. This study examines how behavioral biases interact with uncertainty to shape portfolio construction and performance. Drawing on prospect theory and behavioral portfolio theory, we investigate three key dimensions: (1) the relationship between loss aversion and portfolio risk tolerance, (2) the effect of herding behavior on diversification patterns, and (3) how probability distortions impact optimal asset weighting under market volatility. Using correlation and regression analysis on data from 450 retail and institutional investors, findings reveal that loss aversion (r = 0.51) and herding (r = 0.48) are the most significant behavioral predictors of suboptimal portfolio composition, while biases collectively account for 58% of variance in risk-adjusted returns. These insights challenge classical financial assumptions and provide practical guidance for behavioral-adjusted portfolio management strategies that enhance performance under uncertainty. This research bridges behavioral finance theory with practical portfolio optimization, offering evidence-based recommendations for investors and asset managers navigating complex financial environments.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Behavioral Finance, Risk adjusted returns, loss aversion and herding behavior
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahabub Basha S
creator: P. R. Madhu Shree
creator: K. Kaleeswaran
creator: Rahul R Kurup
creator: Vishnu Govindan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 360
ending page: 378
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.25

Digital Banking and Customer Financial Behavior
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of digital banking has fundamentally transformed the way individuals interact with financial institutions and manage their personal finances. This review article critically examines contemporary literature published between 2019 and 2026 to analyze the impact of digital banking adoption on customer financial behavior. Drawing on insights from behavioral finance, technology acceptance theories, and socio-economic perspectives, the study synthesizes existing research on how digital banking influences saving, spending, borrowing, and payment behaviors. The review reveals that digital banking enhances convenience, accessibility, and real-time financial awareness, thereby increasing customer engagement with formal financial systems. However, the findings also highlight mixed behavioral outcomes, with evidence of both improved financial planning and heightened risks of impulsive spending, over-borrowing, and reduced self-control. Psychological factors such as cognitive biases, trust, and perceived risk, along with technological features like interface design, automation, and digital nudges, play a crucial mediating role in shaping these behaviors. Additionally, socio-economic characteristics and digital literacy levels significantly moderate behavioral responses to digital banking. The review identifies key gaps in the literature, particularly the lack of integrative frameworks that simultaneously address technological, psychological, and socio-economic dimensions of financial behavior. The study concludes that digital banking is not behaviorally neutral and emphasizes the need for responsible digital design, consumer protection, and inclusive policies to ensure that digital banking contributes to sustainable financial well-being.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Banking; Customer Financial Behavior; Behavioral Finance; Financial Decision-Making; Digital Payments; Financial Inclusion; Consumer Finance
  topic: keywords
creator: Rakesh
creator: Mandeep Berwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1096
ending page: 1104
doi: 10.65677/iilr.33.S5.70

A Cross-Platform Model of Audience Perception Toward Social Media Advertising: The Role of Format, Personalization, and Platform Context
type: item
description: This study investigates how various audience segments view social media advertising. The study investigates the ways in which several demographic groups react to different advertising tactics on social media sites like LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. The study examines elements that impact customer perception, such as ad type, platform context, personalization, and content relevancy, using both primary and secondary data. The results show notable differences in perception according on platform choices, age, and digital proficiency, which has significant ramifications for marketers looking to maximize the efficacy of their ads. The findings show that while intrusive formats and over-personalization frequently elicit unfavorable reactions from audiences, transparency, genuine messaging, and value-oriented content greatly enhance audience receptivity to social media advertising. The research contributes to understanding the evolving relationship between consumers and digital advertisers in the increasingly saturated social media landscape.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social media advertising, consumer perception, digital marketing, advertising effectiveness, personalization, audience engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Neha Arora
creator: Sandhya Maitra
creator: Shikha Patheja
creator: Nikita Anand
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1085
ending page: 1095
doi: 10.65677/iilr.33.S5.69

A Quantum Cryptography Framework for Enhancing the Security in Wireless IoT Networks
type: item
description: The resource limitations of IoT nodes and the vulnerability of wireless channels to cyberattacks and snooping, the quick spread of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in wireless surroundings has created serious challenges to data security and privacy. The development of quantum computing, which can meritoriously crack classical encryption, is posing a growing threat to recognized cryptographic techniques like RSA and ECC. By applying concepts from quantum mechanics like predicament cloning, quantum cryptography, in particular Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), provides tentatively unbreakable security. In order to integrate lightweight quantum key exchange with traditional IoT communication protocols, this paper proposes a comprehensive Quantum Cryptography Framework (QCF) exactly designed for Wireless IoT networks. The framework is made to preserve energy efficiency while certifying forward secrecy, confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. A performance evaluation in terms of latency, throughput, and resistance to quantum attacks supports our discussion of the architecture, working mechanism, and implementation deliberations. The findings show that, when compared to traditional encryption methods, the suggested QCF greatly improves the security of wireless IoT systems, certifying resilience against oppositional models of the future.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum Cryptography, Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless IoT, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Network Security, Lightweight Cryptography, Post-Quantum Security
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Jemshia Miriam
creator: Bhuvan Unhelkar
creator: Siva Shankar
creator: Nagarajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 319
ending page: 330
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.21

Quantum Cryptanalysis: A Survey of Threats and Post-Quantum Countermeasures
type: item
description: Quantum computing will revolutionize the power of computation, solving problems that currently have no solution classically. Such a jump in computational power presents an existential threat to modern cryptography, particularly public-key systems that rely on factoring and discrete logarithmic problems. This paper presents the emerging area of PQC countermeasures and gives a survey of quantum cryptanalysis methods. A literature review of progress from 2010 to 2025 is also provided, specifically addressing the advancement of algorithms, standards and applications. For universal security of data in the quantum age, they add, it will be critical to transition to quantum-resistant infrastructures.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum cryptanalysis, Shor’s algorithm, Post-quantum cryptography, Lattice cryptography, NIST PQC, Quantum threat, Quantum algorithms.
  topic: keywords
creator: Raja Shree
creator: Bhuvan Unhelkar
creator: Siva Shankar
creator: Nagarajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 309
ending page: 318
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.20

Impact of Music Familiarity and Emotional Response on Consumer Brand Engagement: An Empirical Study
type: item
description: Music has turned into an essential part of the contemporary brand communication and has capacity to impact consumer perceptions, emotional reactions and the levels of engagement. This is an empirical research on how consumer brand engagement is influenced by music-related factors. In particular, the research determines how music familiarity, music-brand fit, music emotional reaction, and music perceived credibility affect consumer brand engagement. A quantitative research design was used and primary data was taken among 200 consumers by using structured questionnaire on the basis of five-point Likert scale. Cronbach alpha coefficients were found to be greater than 0.70, and this was used to validate reliability and validity of the instrument. The SPSS was used to analyse the data by applying descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression methods. The results indicate that the four independent variables have a statistically significant and positive effect on consumer brand engagement. The strongest predictor has been defined as emotional response to music, then music-brand personality fit, music familiarity and perceived music credibility. The paper comes to the conclusion that the music that is carefully chosen and emotionally motivated can greatly increase the consumer interest in brands, which can be useful to marketers and brand managers.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Music Familiarity
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Response
  topic: keywords
subject: Music–Brand Fit
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceived Music Credibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer Brand Engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: V. Ramadevi
creator: Dwaram VJ Lakshmi
creator: Dr. U. Himabindu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 298
ending page: 308
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.19

Digital Arrest in the Cyber World: Legal Challenges and the Quest for Justice
type: item
description: In the digital age, the rise of cybercrime has posed significant challenges for law enforcement and the legal framework in India, the concept of digital arrest, defined as the apprehension of individuals suspected of cyber offenses through digital means and the inadequacies of existing legal provisions under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Bhartiya Naya Sanhita, 2023, in addressing the convolutions of cybercrime, the critical role of law enforcement agencies in combatting these offenses, emphasising the need for capacity building and inter-agency collaboration. It advocates for wide-ranging legislative reforms, enhanced public awareness, and a balanced approach to ensure justice while protecting individual rights, this seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on legal challenges in the cyber territory and the quest for justice in an increasingly digitised society.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Arrest
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: Law Enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber-security
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Evidence
  topic: keywords
creator: Akshay Jain
creator: Jainendra Kumar Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 285
ending page: 297
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.18

Safeguarding Consumer Data in Digital Insurance: Legal Frameworks and Ethical Imperatives
type: item
description: The insurance industry is one of the industries that are digitally evolving at a high pace; therefore, harvesting and processing sensitive consumer information has become critical issues concerning privacy, security, and the moral mandate. This study explores the possibilities of combining legal frameworks and ethical requirements with technical protective measures to secure consumer information in the digital insurance providers. Conceptual and simulation-based approach was taken by applying synthetic insurance data applying four common data protection algorithms: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest -Shamir-Adleman (RSA), k-anonymity, and differential privacy. The experimental results show that AES has a high data confidentiality rate of 99.8 per cent as well as low processing latency whereas RSA offers secure authentication rate of 98.6 per cent and attack resistance. Privacy-preserving analytics had a lower chance of re-identification of 8.5 with k-anonymity and 2.1 with differential privacy but with a slight decrease in the data utility. The outcomes of the ethical assessment showed that the highest score of the ethical compliance (9.3/10) was achieved by the methodology of differential privacy, which outcompeted the traditional security-only approaches. The comparative analysis with related work has shown that overall security, privacy, and ethical alignment scores went from 8.1, 7.4 and 7.0 to 9.2, 8.9 and 9.1 this way, due to the proposed integrated safeguarding. The results highlight the importance of a multi-layered solution that provides legal adherence, ethical governance, and advanced technical systems in order to provide credible and sustainable digital insurance systems.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Insurance, Consumer Data Protection, Privacy Preservation, Ethical Governance, Legal Frameworks
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Bargavi
creator: Satish Gopichand Athawale
creator: Keerthi Amistapuram
creator: Avinash Reddy Aitha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 272
ending page: 284
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.17

Impact of Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Act, 2025 in Insurance Sector in India: An Empirical Study
type: item
description: This paper reviews the landscape of the insurance industry in India which is slated to grow exponentially in the next decade because of the enormous size of the population coupled with the fact of under-penetration of insurance in India. However, the technological revolution, from big data to blockchain; from industry 4.0 to artificial intelligence have all reshaped the insurance sector in the last decade. This has resulted in need for reforms to facilitate massive capital and latest technology in insurance sector. In Indian Budget 2025, Govt. announced 100% FDI in Insurance and subsequently came up with Insurance Amendment Rules in August 2025 and finally passed the Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Act, 2025 with a slew of changes. It entails insurance for all by 2047 and involves changes in multiple acts pertaining to the insurance industry in India including the Insurance Act, 1938, Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 and Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India Act, 1999. To analyze the impact of these reforms, I used over 150 survey responses from employees and managers, insurance agents and policyholders to measure awareness of these reforms, their perceived enforcement and implementation and to showcase their relationship with perceived transparency. Applying various statistical and econometric tools, I find both awareness of stakeholders and effective reforms implementation significantly predict transparency positively along with showcasing strongest effect through implementation. Awareness partially mediates the effect of implementation on transparency-based outcomes. A tool transparency index evaluates its utility as a major policy tool. The research has important implications for regulators, insurance companies, policymakers and other stakeholders alike.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Insurance Reforms, Amendment of Insurance Laws, Awareness of reforms, Transparency Index, Enforcement, Transparency, Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha, Insurance for All
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanjay Pareek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 433
ending page: 451
doi: 10.65677/

Regulatory Challenges in Cross-Border Insurance Transactions: An Analysis of Emerging Legal Frameworks
type: item
description: The rate of growth of cross-border insurance transactions has been very high in the last few years as a result of globalization of the financial market, the emergence of multinational insurance and the digital platform. Despite this growth, the global insurance sector continues to face high regulatory disintegration, which creates inconsistencies in licensing, solvency regulation, reporting and data protection. These disparities tend to raise the compliance costs and make different markets inaccessible to different insurers working in different jurisdictions. The objective of the current research was to determine the key regulatory impediments to intercountry insurance transactions, and also to test how the new global regulations, like the Insurance Capital Standard (ICS), Solvency II, and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 17, could be effective in facilitating regulatory convergence. It used a qualitative, doctrinal, and comparative research design to look at statutory frameworks, supervisory guidelines, international standards and judicial interpretations in major jurisdictions, such as the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and some of the emerging markets. It was found that there were still existing gaps in the adoption and enforcement of new frameworks, with wide dispersion in standards of solvency, financial reporting practices, data protection and dispute resolution procedures. Compared jurisdictions like the EU and Singapore also showed a relatively higher alignment, but the United States and most of the developing markets had lower harmonization rates.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cross-Border Insurance Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Solvency Standards
  topic: keywords
subject: International Financial Reporting Standards
  topic: keywords
subject: Insurance Capital Standard
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Harmonization
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Vikas Singh
creator: Dr Uma K
creator: Dr Urvashi Anand Ohri
creator: Ms. Mohini Shukla
creator: Dr. Sayak Gupta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 396
ending page: 406
doi: 10.65677/iilr.317

Workplace Diversity, Inclusion, and Employee Well-Being: A Socio-Managerial Analysis of Human Resource Strategies in Contemporary Organizations
type: item
description: The study examines the interrelationship between workplace diversity, inclusion, and employee well-being through a socio-managerial and legal framework within contemporary organizations, with a particular focus on the insurance sector. The main objectives were to analyze how inclusive human resource (HR) strategies influence employee well-being, assess the role of organizational compliance in promoting equality, and explore how legal frameworks shape HR practices. A mixed-method research design was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from 100 respondents through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and policy document analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques, while qualitative insights were interpreted thematically. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between inclusive HR practices and employee well-being, indicating that fairness, diversity awareness, and participatory management enhance job satisfaction and organizational trust. Legal compliance and inclusivity jointly explained 64% of the variance in well-being, emphasizing that socio-legal alignment significantly improves workplace culture. The study concludes that integrating inclusivity into HR policies not only ensures compliance but also strengthens ethical governance and employee morale. It recommends continuous legal literacy programs, inclusivity audits, and leadership training to foster equitable, resilient, and sustainable organizations.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: workplace diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: employee well-being
  topic: keywords
subject: human resource strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-legal framework
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Akash Kaushik
creator: Dr. Loganathan Chenniappan
creator: Dr. Prathyaksh Janardhanan
creator: Monalisha Majumder
creator: Raj Kumar Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1105
ending page: 1123
doi: 10.65677/iilr.314

To Investigate the Methods that HR Departments used to Manage Human Resources During The COVID-19 Crisis in Hotels, With Special Reference to Frontline Employees
type: item
description: Human resources departments in hotels and other hospitality businesses had to respond quickly to changing conditions in order to keep operations running and provide assistance to staff members in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. This study seeks to examine the methods used by hotel HR departments to handle human resources during the crisis. It will specifically look at how these departments dealt with frontline personnel, who were the ones most exposed to health concerns and operational problems. The study delves into important HR interventions such as workforce reduction, remote work, health and safety, psychological and emotional support, training and upskilling programs, and communication strategies used to keep employees engaged and the business running smoothly. Frontline workers, including those in housekeeping, food and beverage, and reception, were particularly highlighted for their adaptation, resilience, and health because they were under tremendous stress during the health crisis owing to their customer-facing responsibilities, heavy workloads, and job instability. This study used quantitative and qualitative data gathered from interviews and surveys with human resources managers and frontline staff from different types of hotels to show how HR departments respond to crises, what works, and where they need improvement. These results add to the expanding body of literature on CR-HRM, which highlights the need of flexible, compassionate, and employee-focused strategies during times of volatility. To better manage their workforces and be resilient in the face of future crises, lawmakers and hospitality industry executives should use the practical lessons provided by this research.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human Resource Management (HRM), COVID-19 Pandemic, Hotel Industry, Frontline Employees, Crisis Management
  topic: keywords
creator: Namrata Meharwal
creator: Anurag Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 229
ending page: 239
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.14

Quantifying Crypto-Equity Interconnectedness Using RStudio: A Sectoral Network Analysis
type: item
description: As​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ traditional equity markets continue to integrate with digital assets, understanding the connectedness between these two becomes a must. This study, in the context of sectoral indices of the Banking and Information Technology in India, aims to evaluate how digital assets are connected to stock indices. It also points out the importance of diversification and hedging. The main goal was to measure the extent of dynamically changing dependencies in interlinkages and at the same time find the best digital asset pairings that would help in risk mitigation of the portfolio. The study covers daily returns for the period of April 2022 to March 2025. It uses two econometric models, TVP-VAR and DCC-GARCH, to conduct the analysis in RStudio. The findings indicate that Ethereum and Bitcoin are the biggest sources of volatility, while stablecoins, like USDC, are almost perfect hedging instruments. Sectoral indices as net shock receivers are showing their exposure. The main takeaway is that digital assets facilitate diversification and hedging, thus leading investors in the right direction in the context of the Indian ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌economy.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: RStudio, Connectedness, Digital Assets, Hedging, Diversification
  topic: keywords
creator: Prerna M
creator: Krovvidi Krishna Kumari
creator: Manish Jain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 195
ending page: 228
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.13

Generative AI in InsurTech: Revolutionizing Personalized Advertising Content, Automated CRM Interactions, and HRM Training Simulations
type: item
description: This research investigates the complex, conjunctural pathways leading to high behavioral intention to adopt integrated Generative AI (GenAI) solutions in the Indian InsurTech sector. Moving beyond variance-based methods, we employ a configurational approach grounded in the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and the principle of equifinality. Using a mixed-methods design, we first calibrate conditions through qualitative case studies of five InsurTech firms. Subsequently, we apply Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to survey data from 35 InsurTech entities to identify sufficient causal recipes. Findings reveal three distinct, equally effective pathways to high adoption intention: (1) The Capability-Pushed Pathway, driven by strong AI talent and competitive pressure; (2) The Resource-Enabled Pathway, where abundant financial resources overcome regulatory complexity; and (3) The Efficiency-Seeking Pathway, where strong task-technology fit for CRM and advertising motivates adoption even with moderate resources. Notably, no single condition is necessary, but the presence of AI-skilled talent appears in two of the three core solutions. The absence of a strong innovation culture, however, can be compensated by other factors. This study contributes by shifting the analytical lens from 'net effects' to 'causal configurations,' providing managers with tailored strategic archetypes for GenAI adoption across marketing, service, and human capital functions.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative AI, InsurTech, fsQCA, Configurational Theory, TOE Framework, Equifinality, Adoption Pathways
  topic: keywords
creator: Shubham Rajpal
creator: Hrishi Kumar Gond
creator: Shreya Kushwaha
creator: Diksha Jaiswal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-17
publication date: 2026-01-17
starting page: 167
ending page: 181
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.11

Insurance Inclusivity in Education: A Conceptual Framework for Student Well-Being, Security, and Access
type: item
description: Ensuring student well-being and equitable access to education has emerged as a global policy priority as higher education institutions confront rising vulnerabilities related to health risks, financial instability, digital exposure, and campus safety. While insurance has traditionally been treated as a peripheral administrative provision in education, its role has expanded in mitigating student risk, supporting continuity of learning, and strengthening institutional resilience. Despite this growing relevance, the concept of insurance inclusivity—the equitable availability, accessibility, affordability, and adequacy of insurance protection for all students—remains underexplored in academic literature and education policy discourse. This conceptual paper develops a comprehensive framework that positions insurance inclusivity as a structural pillar of student welfare, risk mitigation, and educational access. Drawing on social protection theory, welfare economics, and educational equity perspectives, the paper identifies key domains of student vulnerability, including health emergencies, mental well-being challenges, cyber exposure, financial shocks, accidents, and learning disruptions. It demonstrates how inclusive insurance mechanisms can address these risks while supporting student retention and institutional accountability.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Insurance inclusivity; Student well-being; Educational access; Social protection; Student vulnerability; Higher education governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiran Cotha SJ
creator: Arpita Jena
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 182
ending page: 194
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.12

Legal Barriers and Enablers for Digital Financial Services in Emerging Economies
type: item
description: This paper examines the legal obstacles and facilitators that define Digital Financial Services (DFS) in emerging economies with a specific interest in Kenya, India, Nigeria, the Philippines and Brazil. It uses comparative legal-policy analysis to determine which regulatory systems and data protection frameworks, including institutional coordination, drive the inclusivity and resilience of digital finance ecosystems. The study classifies the most important legal tools as obstacles, facilitators, or hybrids based on statutes, policy reports and international standards of 2015-2025 using a doctrinal and comparative approach. The results indicate that those countries that have taken adaptive legal governance like open banking resolutions of Brazil, data protection framework of Kenya and decentralized innovation model of the Philippines are more mature in regulations and financially inclusive. India and Nigeria on the other hand have high levels of statutory frameworks, but are limited by centralized regulation and inter-agency coordination. The analysis also finds data governance, interoperability and local autonomy as conclusive variables between law and performance of innovation. The paper finds that sustainable digital financial ecosystems need principle-based, collaborative and adaptive regulatory frameworks that are balanced between innovation and consumer protection. Explaining the symbiotic association between legal transparency, institutional synergy and regulatory versatility, this study will provide a model that can be replicated to enhance financial inclusion and digital governance in the entire Global South.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Financial Services, Legal Frameworks, Financial Inclusion, Open Banking, Data Governance, Emerging Economies
  topic: keywords
creator: Sidhant Mohapatra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 107
ending page: 121
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.8

Disability and Assistive Technologies for the Orthopedically Challenged: A Sociological Commentary
type: item
description: Assistive technologies (AT) are meant to represent opportunity for those with orthopaedic disabilities, but it’s not quite that simple. The potential for mobility and independence that technology has the capacity to offer for persons with orthopaedic disabilities is constantly challenged by the stigmata of society, affordability of devices, the lack of service delivery, and insufficient policies. This commentary examines assistive technologies in a critical, sociological way by drawing on the contrasting concepts of the medical model of disability, social model of disability, and more recently Critical Disability Theory. This article seeks to analyse the accessibility and abandonment of ATs, along with the psychosocial adaptation and cultural ideas of disability. Assistive technologies are social artefacts just as much as they are tools, influenced by political economy, culture, and social power. The article aims to challenge approaches that are charity-based or donor driven, and questions assumptions of inclusion, transitioning to rights-based, user-centred models based on lived experience, of persons with orthopaedic disability, informed by Universal Design.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Assistive technology, disability, medical model, social model, Critical Disability Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: K. Pavani Sree
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 101
ending page: 106
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.7

Financial Resilience and Risk Optimization in Emerging Economies: A Behavioural Finance Perspective
type: item
description: This paper examines the interlinkages between behavioural finance, financial resilience, and risk-optimization strategies in emerging economies. Building on recent empirical and theoretical work, the study synthesizes how investor and managerial cognitive biases, social dynamics, and institutional constraints shape resilience at household, firm, and systemic levels. We develop a conceptual framework that integrates behavioural channels (heuristics, loss aversion, overconfidence, herding) with structural determinants of resilience (financial depth, market liquidity, macroeconomic policy credibility and regulatory buffers). Using this framework, the paper identifies mechanisms through which behavioural biases amplify vulnerability to shocks (e.g., sudden capital flow reversals, commodity price swings, policy uncertainty) and how targeted interventions—financial literacy, behavioural-aware regulation, countercyclical macroprudential tools, and market-structure reforms—can improve allocation efficiency and reduce tail risk. The contribution is threefold: (1) it articulates a multi-level model linking individual and collective behavioural responses to measurable resilience outcomes; (2) it surveys and synthesizes the recent empirical literature to isolate robust patterns and inconsistent findings across regions; and (3) it proposes a prioritised research and policy agenda that operationalizes behavioural insights into risk-optimization practices for regulators, financial institutions and development agencies. The paper concludes by outlining empirical strategies (quasi-experiments, panel econometrics, agent-based modelling) suitable for testing the framework, and by discussing limitations and ethical implications of behavioural interventions in financially fragile contexts. This integrative perspective aims to guide both scholars and practitioners seeking pragmatic, evidence-based approaches to strengthen financial resilience in emerging markets.
subject: Original Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: behavioural finance, financial resilience, emerging economies, risk optimisation, macroprudential policy, investor behaviour
  topic: keywords
creator: Sreeram Daida
creator: Mayank Malviya
creator: Mahendra Pratap Singh
creator: Manoj Agarwal
creator: Harshmit Kaur Saluja
creator: Rajib Bhattacharya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Insurance Law Review https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 41
ending page: 60
doi: 10.65677/iilr.34.S1.4